Annual variations in adolescent socio-emotionalskills during and after COVID-19
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The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted adolescents’ developmental contexts, limiting social interaction and access to learning environments. This cross-sectional study examined differences in socio-emotional skills among independent cohorts of Brazilian adolescents aged 15 to 17 between 2021 and 2023 (N = 9,769). Analyses of covariance assessed group differences in Amity, Open-mindedness, Self-management, Engaging with others, and Negative-emotion regulation. Results revealed consistent declines in Amity across cohorts and significant differences among 17-year-olds in all domains, particularly in interpersonal and emotional regulation skills. Findings suggest that prolonged social restrictions were associated with reductions in socio-emotional competencies, especially those dependent on peer interaction. Although causal inferences are limited by the design, the results highlight the relevance of contextual factors in adolescent development and underscore the need for targeted school-based interventions to support socio-emotional recovery in the post-pandemic period.
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