O Processo de Permanência nas Ruas. As Crianças de Rua na Cidade de México

Conteúdo do artigo principal

Patricia Murrieta

Resumo

As relações de poder acontecem em direções diferentes e em dimensões múltiplas. Neste artigo, uso a teoria de poder de Foucault para explicar a presencia de crianças que moram na rua. Argumento que a resistência para ser objeto do poder exercido pela família ou nos abrigos, não é a única batalha que deve ser enfrentada por uma criança que decide morar na rua. A subsistência é difícil e os recursos são escassos. As crianças precisam de ter poder para sobreviver, para se proteger, para ficar na rua. Assim, a permanência não pode acontecer sem um mínimo de poder. Acho que quando uma criança está na rua e tem a chance de escolher, faz um balanço entre a experiência previa e a vida na rua. Mas não todas as crianças tem opções ou a possibilidade de exercer sua escolha. Meu objetivo principal consiste em tentar de compreender as razões pelas quais uma criança decide morar na rua não obstante precisa de enfrentar situações tão problemáticas quanto aquelas situações enfrentadas na casa ou nos abrigos.


Palavras-chave: crianças de rua, adolescentes, relações de poder, resistência, Foucault.


Detalhes do artigo

Como Citar
O Processo de Permanência nas Ruas. As Crianças de Rua na Cidade de México. (2010). Revista Latinoamericana De Ciencias Sociales, Niñez Y Juventud , 8(2), 821-834. http://revistaumanizales.cinde.org.co/rlcsnj/index.php/Revista-Latinoamericana/article/view/73
Seção
Primera Sección: Teoría y Metateoría
Biografia do Autor

Patricia Murrieta, University of Guadalajara, Mexico

Researcher and professor at the Department of Regional Studies, Ineser, at the Centro Universitario de Ciencias Económico Administrativas of the University of Guadalajara, Mexico. M.A. in Latin American Studies by the University of Texas at Austin. PhD student at the Sociology Department at the University of Texas at Austin. Gestalt psychotherapist. e-mail: murrisp4@cucea.udg.mx

 

Como Citar

O Processo de Permanência nas Ruas. As Crianças de Rua na Cidade de México. (2010). Revista Latinoamericana De Ciencias Sociales, Niñez Y Juventud , 8(2), 821-834. http://revistaumanizales.cinde.org.co/rlcsnj/index.php/Revista-Latinoamericana/article/view/73

Referências

Agnelli, S. (1986). Street Children A growing Urban Tragedy. London: Wiudenfeld & Nicolson.

Aptekar, L. (1988). Street Children of Cali.Durham: Duke University Press.

Avilés, K. & Escarpit, F. (2001), Los niños de las coladeras. México, D. F.: La Jornada Ediciones.

Brewis, A. & Lee, S. (2010). "Children's work, earnings, and nutrition in urban Mexican shantytowns." American Journal of Human biology, 1 (22), pp. 60-68.

Binder, M. & Scrogin, D. (1999). "Labor Force Participation and Household work of Urban Schoolchildren in Mexico: Characteristics and consequences." Economic Development and Cultural Change, 1 (48), pp. 123-154.

Camacho, A. (1993). El Niño de la Calle y en la Calle en la Ciudad de México. Garibaldi y Taxqueña. Reportaje Gráfico. México, D. F.: Unam.

Cosgrove, J. G. (1990). "Towards a working definition of street children". Int. Social Work, 33, pp. 185-92.

Dreyfus, H. L. & Rabinow, P. (1982). The subject of power: afterward to 'Michel Foucault, beyond structuralism and hermeneutics'. Brighton: The Harvester Press.

Ennew, J. (1994). Street and Working Children A guide to Planning. London: Save the Children.

Edmonds, E. (2008). "Child labor" In P. Schult & J. Strauss. Handbook of Development Economics,(pp. 3607-3709). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Felsman, J. K. (1984). "Abandoned Children: a reconsideration". Children Today, 13, pp. 13- 18.

Fernández, D. (1993). Malabareando. La Cultura de los niños de la calle. México, D. F.: UIA.

Flores, P., Monje, J. A., Ríos, A. & Romero, M. (1998). A la Franca. Buscando un Nuevo paradigma sobre niños y adolescentes de la calle. Lima: Cooperación Española, Cesal, Hogar de Cristo.

Foucault, M. (1966). The order of things: an archeology of the human science. London: Tavistock.

Foucault, M. (1969). The archeology of knowledge. London: Tavistock.

Foucault, M. (1975). Discipline and Punishment. The born of the prison. Trans. Sheridan, 1995. London: Allen Lane.

Foucault, M. (1976). The history of sexuality, volume one: An introduction. London: Allen Lane.

Foucault, M. (1982). "The Subject and Power" In H. L. Dreyfus, & P. Rabinow (1982). The subject of power: afterward to 'Michel Foucault, beyond structuralism and hermeneutics', (pp. 208-226). Brighton: The Harvester Press.

Glauser, B. (1997). "Street children: deconstructing a construct" In A. James & A. Prout. Constructing and Reconstructing Childhood: contemporary Issues in the Sociological Study of Childhood, (pp. 138-156). London: Falmer.

Gustafsson-Wright, E. & Pyne, H. (2002). Gender Dimensions of Child Labor and Street Children in Brazil. Policy Research Working Paper, The World Bank, Latin America and the Caribbean Region, Gender Sector Unit, October 2002.

Gutiérrez, R., Vega, L. & Pérez, C. (1994a). El punto de vista de los niños llamados "callejeros" que viven en la Ciudad de México. México, D. F.: División de Investigaciones Epidemiológicas y Sociales del Instituto Mexicano de Psiquiatría.

Gutiérrez, R.,Vega, L. & Pérez, C. (1994b). Características psicosociales de los menores que sobreviven en las calles. Informe, 1156. México, D. F.: División de Investigaciones Epidemiológicas y sociales del Instituto Mexicano de Psiquiatría.

Hutchby, I. & Moran-Ellis, J., eds. (1998). Children and Social Competence: Arenas of Action. London: Falmer.

Johnson, V., Hill, J. & Ivan-Smith, E. (1995). Listening to Smaller Voices: Children in an Environment of Change. London: Actionaid.

Johnson, V., Ivan-Smith, E., Gordon, G., Pridmore, P. & Scott, P. (1998). Stepping Forward: Children and Young People's Participation in the Development Process. London: Intermediate Technol. Publ.

Kohlberg, L. (1981). The philosophy of moral development: moral stages and the idea of justice. San Francisco: Harper & Row.

Le Roux & Smith (1998). "Causes and characteristics of the street child phenomenon: a global perspective". Adolescence. 33(131), pp. 683/88.

Lucchini, R. (1996). Niño de la Calle. Identidad, sociabilidad y droga. Barcelona: Los libros de la Frontera.

Lusk (1992). "Street Children of Rio de Janeiro". Int. Soc. Work. 35, pp. 293-305.

Márquez, P. C. (1999). The Street is my home. Youth and Violence in Caracas. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Maslow, A. (1943). "A theory of Human Motivation". Psychological Review, 50, pp. 370- 396.

Maslow, A. (1968). Toward a Psychology of Being. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Maslow, A. (1970). Motivation and Personality. 2nd Ed. San Francisco: Harper & Row.

Maslow, B. (ed.) (1972). Abraham H. Maslow: a memorial volume". Monterrey (CA): Brooks/ Cole Publ. Co.

McConville, M. (1996). Adolescence. Psychotherapy and the emergent self. Cambridge: Gestalt Press.

Myers, W. E. (1988). Alternative services for street children: The Brazilian approach. In A. Bequeule & J. Boyden. Combating Child Labour, (pp. 125-43). Geneva: Int. Labour Org.

Oaklander, V. (2006). Hidden treasure. A map to the Child's Inner Self. London: Karnac Books.

Panter-Brick, C. (2002). "Street children, Human Rights, and Public Health: A critique and Future Directions", Annual Review of Anthropology 2002. 31, pp. 147-171.

Palomares, U. & Ball, G. (1980). Grounds for Growth. San Diego: Palomares & Associates.

Roberts, J. W. (1999). The problem of Invisibility. The Journal of American Folklore, 11.

Sosenski, S. (2010). Niños en Acción. El trabajo Infantil en la Ciudad de México, 1920-1934. México, D. F.: Centro de Estudio Históricos, Colegio de México.

Udry, C. (2006). "Child Labor" In A, Benerjee, R, Benabou & D, Mookherjee, Understanding Poverty. New York: Oxford University Press.

Unesco (1995).Working with Street Children: Selected Case-Studies from Africa, Asia and Latin America. Paris: Unesco.

Unicef (1999). Implementation Handbook for the Convention on the Rights of the Child. New York/ Geneva: United Nations Children's Fund.

Unicef (2000). We the Children: End-Decade Review of the Follow-Up to the World Summit for Children. New York/Geneva: United Nations Children Fund.

Unicef (2005). Child Labour Today-End Child Exploitation. New York/Geneva: United Nations Children's Fund.

Woodhead M. (1990). "Psychology and the cultural construction of children's needs". In A. James & A. Prout. Constructing and Reconstructing Childhood: Contemporary Issues in the Sociological Study of Childhood, (pp. 60- 77). London: Falmer.

World Bank (2000). Who Cares? A Special Report on Street Children. No. 20479. Spring.

Wright, J. (1990a). "Homelessness is not healthy for children and other living things". Child Youth Serv, 14(1), pp. 65-88.

Wright, J. (1990b). "Poor people, poor health: the health status of the homeless". Journal of Social Issues, 46(4), pp. 49-64.

Wright, J. (1991). "Children in and of the streets: health, social policy, and the homeless young". Am. J. Dis. Children 145(May), pp. 516-19.

Wright, J. & Kaminsky, D. (1993). "Health and social conditions of street children in Honduras". Am. J. Dis. Child. 147, pp. 279-83.

Other sources

Personal interviews with children and young adults from the Albergue Temporal Casa del Niño, Delegación Cuauhtémoc, México, D. F.

Information about cases of street children, Fundación Pro-Niños de la Calle, I. A. P.