Gender differences in aggressiveness between juvenile offenders in Colombia
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
(analytical)
Research on aggressiveness among young offenders is insufficient in Colombia and, consequently, there is not enough information on gender differences related to aggression for this population. Failure to evaluate and intervene with this behavior using a gender perspective negatively impacts the effectiveness of criminal policies. A total of 1050 young offenders, selected based on ease of access,
participated in this research study. The population consisted of 855 males and 195 females between
14 and 19 years of age living in Medellín. The main results were: 1) there were very high levels of
proactive, reactive and total aggressiveness in adolescent offenders; 2) there were differences in
proactive aggressiveness and total aggressiveness in females compared to males; and 3) levels of aggressiveness varied depending on certain sociodemographic and crime-associated variables.
Keywords: Juvenile delinquency; domestic violence; psychotropic drugs; aggressiveness; adolescents; sex offenses.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
- Share - copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
- Adapt - remix, transform, and build upon the material
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
-
Attribution - You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
-
NonCommercial - You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
-
ShareAlike - If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
- No additional restrictions - You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
How to Cite
References
Abdullah, H., Ortega, A., Ahmad, N., & Ghazali, S. (2015). Aggressive and delinquent behavior among high risk youth in Malaysia. Asian Social Science, 11(16), 62-73. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v11n16p62
Acosta, S. A., Colorado, S., Eusse, S. T., & Cuartas, J. M. (2021). Calidad del apego percibido hacia la figura paterna, materna y pares en adolescentes en conflicto con la ley. Revista de Psicología Universidad de Antioquia, 12(2), e346173. https://doi.org/j6cw
Allen, J. J., & Anderson, C. A. (2017). Aggression and violence: Definitions and distinctions. En P. Sturmey (Ed.), The Wiley handbook of violence and aggression (pp. 1-14). John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119057574.whbva001
Andreu, J. M., Peña, M. E., & Ramírez, J. (2009). Cuestionario de agresión reactiva y proactiva: un instrumento de medida de la agresión en adolescentes. Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica, 14(1), 37-49. https://doi.org/drz6
Anguera, M. T., Arnau, J., Ato, M., Martínez, R., Pascual, J., & Vallejo, G. (1995). Métodos de investigación en psicología. Síntesis.
Arango, O. E., Olivera-La Rosa, A., Restrepo, V., & Puerta, I. C. (2017). Empathic skills and theory of mind in female adolescents with conduct disorder. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, 40(1), 78-82. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2016-2092
Archer, J. (2004). Sex differences in aggression in real-world settings: A meta-analytic review. Review of General Psychology, 8(4), 291-322. https://doi.org/fcpm6h
Archer, J. (2009). Does sexual selection explain human sex differences in aggression? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 32(3-4), 249-266. https://doi.org/b3hms4
Berkowitz, L. (1993). Aggression: Its causes, consequences, and control. McGraw-Hill.
Bierman, K. L. (2004). Peer rejection: Developmental processes and intervention strategies. The
Guilford Press.
Brendgen, M., Vitaro, R., Tremblay, R. E., & Lavoie, F. (2001). Reactive and proactive aggression: Predictions to physical violence in different contexts and moderating effects of parental monitoring and caregiving behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 29(4), 293-304. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1010305828208
Bushman, B. J., & Huesmann, L. R. (2010). Aggression. En S. T. Fiske, D. T. Gilbert, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of Social Psycholog (pp. 833-863). John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy002023
Campbell, A., & Muncer, S. (1994). Sex differences in aggression: Social roles and social representations. British Journal of Social Psychology, 33(2), 233-240. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.1994.tb01021.x
Card, N. A., & Little, T. D. (2006). Proactive and reactive aggression in childhood and adolescence: A meta-analysis of differential relations with psychosocial adjustment. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 30(5), 466-480. https://doi.org/c5vv4n
Colins, O. F. (2016). Assessing reactive and proactive aggression in detained adolescents outside of a research context. Child psychiatry & Human Development, 47(1), 159-172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-015-0553-z
Corporación Chilena Pro Derechos de los Niños y los Jóvenes. (2006). Estudio "GeÌnero y adolescentes infractores de ley" (informe final). https://bit.ly/3Ae3Sos
Crick, N. R., & Grotpeter, J. K. (1995). Relational aggression, gender, and social-psychological adjustment. Child Development, 66(3), 710-722. https://doi.org/fh86j7
Cross, C. P., & Campbell, A. C. (2014). Violence and aggression in women. En T. K. Shackelford, & R. D. Hansen (Eds.), The evolution of violence (pp. 211-232). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9314-3_11
Dellazizzo, L., Potvin, S., Dou, B., Beaudoin, M., Luigi, M., Giguère, C.-É., & Dumais, A. (2020). Association between the use of cannabis and physical violence in youths: A Meta-analytical investigation. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 177(7), 619 626. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.19101008
Denson, T. F., O'Dean, S. M., Blake, K. R., & Beames, J. R. (2018). Aggression in women: Behavior, brain and hormones. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 12, 81-93. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00081
Dilalla, L. F., Mitchell, C. M., Arthur, M. W., & Pagliocca, P. M. (1988). Aggression and delinquency: Family and environmental factors. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 17(3), 233-246. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01538164
Dodge, K. A. (1991). The structure and function of reactive and proactive aggression. En D. Pepler, & K. H. Rubin (Eds.), The development and treatment of childhood aggression (pp. 201-218). Erlbaum.
Dodge, K. A., & Coie, J. D. (1987). Social-information-processing factors in reactive and proactive aggression in children's peer groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(6), 1146-1158. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.53.6.1146
Esbensen, F. A., & Deschenes, E. P. (1998). A multisite examination of youth gang membership: Does gender matter? Criminology, 36(4), 799-828. https://doi.org/dt5kgd
Estévez, E., Povedano, A., Jiménez, T. I., & Musitu, G. (2012). Aggression in adolescence: A gender perspective. En B. Cotto,& N. Becerra,(Eds.), Psychology of aggression: New research (pp. 37-57). Nova Science Publishers.
Euler, F., Steinlin, C., & Stadler, C. (2017). Distinct profiles of reactive and proactive aggression in adolescents: Associations with cognitive and affective empathy. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 11, 1-23. https://doi.org/gjk49c
Fagan, A. A., & Lindsey, A. M. (2014). Gender differences in the effectiveness of delinquency prevention programs: What can be learned from experimental research? Criminal Justice and Behavior, 41(9), 1057-1078. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854814539801
Farrington, D. P. (2001). Predicting adult official and self-reported violence. En G.-F. Pinard, & L. Pagani (Eds.), Clinical assessment of dangerousness: Empirical contributions (pp. 66-88). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/bgjf2b
Fite, P., Griffith, R., Robertson, S., & ODell, C. (2021). Proactive and reactive aggression and substance use among detained youth. Journal of Substance Use, 27(3), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1080/14659891.2021.1941353
Fite, P. J., Rathert, J., Colder, C. R., Lochman, J. E., & Wells, K. C. (2012). Proactive and reactive aggression. En R. J. R. Levesque (Ed.), Encyclopedia of adolescence (pp. 2164- 2170). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1695-2_211
Hawkins, J. D., Herrenkohl, T., Farrington, D., Brewer, D., Catalano, R., & Harachi, T. (1998). A review of predictors of youth violence. En R. Loeber, & D. P. Farrington (Eds.), Serious & violent juvenile offenders: Risk factors and successful interventions (pp. 106-146). Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452243740.n7
Haynie, D. L. (2003). Contexts of risk? Explaining the link between girls' pubertal development and their delinquency involvement. Social Forces, 82(1), 355-397. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2003.0093
Heimer, K., & De Coster, S. (1999). The gendering of violent delinquency. Criminology, 37(2), 277-318. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1999.tb00487.x
Hoff, K. E., Reese-Weber, M., Joel Schneider, W., & Stagg, J. W. (2009). The association between high status positions and aggressive behavior in early adolescence. Journal of School Psychology, 47(6), 395-426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2009.07.003
Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar. (2015). Adolescentes, joÌvenes y delitos: elementos para la comprensioÌn de la delincuencia juvenil en Colombia. https://www.icbf.gov.co/sites/default/files/delincuencia_juvenil_web.pdf
Jiménez, L., Andrade, E. M., & Bianchini, L. G. B. (2016). Uso de drogas e ato infracional: Revisão integrativa de artigos brasileiros. Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, Niñez y Juventud, 14(2), 939-955.
Jurczyk, M., & Lalak, D. (2020). Aggressive and delinquent behavior among youth: An empirical study in Poland. Violence and Gender, 7(4), 188-199. https://doi.org/j6gj
Kempes, M., Matthys, W., de Vries, H., & van Engeland, H. (2005). Reactive and proactive aggression in children: A review of theory, findings and the relevance for child and adolescent psychiatry. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 14(1), 11-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-005-0432-4
Kimonis, E. R., Fanti, K., Goldweber, A., Marsee, M., Frick, P. J., & Cauffman, E. (2014). Callous-unemotional traits in incarcerated adolescents. Psychological Assessment, 26(1), 227-237. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034585
Leschied, A., Cummings, A., Van Brunschot, M., Cunningham, A., & Saunders, A. (2001). Aggression in adolescent girls: Implications for policy, prevention, and treatment. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 42(3), 200-215. https://doi.org/c33m8h
Loper, A. B., Hoffschmidt, S. J., & Ash, E. (2001). Personality features and characteristics of violent events committed by juvenile offenders. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 19(1), 81-96. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.424
Mayorga, E., Novo, M., Fariña, F., & Arce, R. (2020a). Destrezas cognitivas en menores infractores, de protección y normalizados: un estudio de contraste. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 52, 60-168. https://doi.org/10.14349/rlp.2020.v52.16
Mayorga-Sierra, É., Novo, M., Fariña, F., & Seijo, D. (2020b). Estudio de las necesidades en el ajuste personal, social y psicológico en adolescentes en riesgo de delincuencia e infractores. Anales de Psicología, 36(3), 400-407. https://doi.org/j6gq
McAuliffe, M. D., Hubbard, J. A., Rubin, R. M., Morrow, M. T., & Dearing, K. F. (2006). Reactive and proactive aggression: Stability of constructs and relations to correlates. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 167(4), 365-382. https://doi.org/csb76k
Meyer-Parlapanis, D., Weierstall, R., Nandi, C., Bambonyé, M., Elbert, T., & Crombach, A. (2016). Appetitive aggression in women: Comparing male and female war combatants. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1972-1987. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01972
Ministerio de Justicia y del Derecho, & Observatorio de Drogas de Colombia. (2019). Estudio nacional de consumo de sustancias psicoactivas. Colombia 2019. https://bit.ly/3KOe77T
Moffitt, T. E. (1993). Adolescent-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review, 100(4), 674-701. https://doi.org/b5cmfm
Mojica, C & Moreno, J. (2014). Adaptación en adolescentes en conflicto con la ley bajo sistema de responsabilidad penal. Revista Vanguardia Psicológica Clínica Teórica y Práctica, 5(1), 1-11.
Moretti, M., Holland, R., & McKay, S. (2001). Self-other representations and relational and overt aggression in adolescent girls and boys. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 19(1), 109-126. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.429
Murray, J., & Farrington, D. P. (2010). Risk factors for conduct disorder and delinquency: Key findings from longitudinal studies. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(10), 633-642. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674371005501003
Ness, C. D. (2004). Why girls fight: Female youth violence in the inner city. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 595(1), 32-48. https://doi.org/fmwsz5
Ness, C. D. (2010). Why girls fight. New York University Press. https://doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9780814758403.001.0001
Nivette, A., Sutherland, A., Eisner, M., & Murray, J. (2019). Sex differences in adolescent physical aggression: Evidence from sixty-three low-and middle-income countries. Aggressive Behavior, 45(1), 82-92. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21799
Norza-Céspedes, E., González-Rojas, A., Moscoso-Rojas, M., & González-Ramírez, J. D. (2012). Descripción de la criminalidad femenina en Colombia: factores de riesgo y motivación criminal. Revista Criminalidad, 54(1), 339-357.
Olivera-La Rosa, A., Villacampa, J., Amador, O., Corradi, G., Munar, E., Acosta, S., & Rosselló, J. (2021). Implicit attitudes toward violence in a sample of adolescent offenders with conduct disorder. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(1-2), NP1050NP1063. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517739287
Parrott, D., & Giancola, P. (2007). Addressing "The criterion problem" in the assessment of aggressive behavior: Development of a new taxonomic system. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 12(3), 280-299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2006.08.002
Patterson, G. R., Reid, J. B., & Dishion, T. J. (1992). Antisocial boys. Castalia.
Pérez, M. Ã., Redondo, M. M., & León, L. (2008). Aproximaciones a la emoción de ira: de la conceptualización a la intervención psicológica. Revista ElectroÌnica de MotivacioÌn y EmocioÌn, 11(28), 5-17.
Pulkkinen, L. (1996). Proactive and reactive aggression in early adolescence as precursors to anti- and prosocial behavior in young adults. Aggressive Behavior, 22(4), 241-257.
Raine, A., Dodge, K., Loeber, R., Gatzke-Kopp, L., Lynam, D., Reynolds, C., StouthamerLoeber, M., & Liu, J. (2006). The Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire: Differential correlates of reactive and proactive aggression in adolescent boys. Aggressive Behavior, 32(2), 159-171. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20115
Resko, S. M., Reddock, E., Ranney, M., Epstein-Ngo, Q., Mountain, S. K., Zimmerman, M. A., Cunningham, R. M., & Walton, M. A. (2016). Reasons for fighting among violent female adolescents: A qualitative investigation from an urban, midwestern
community. Social Work in Public Health, 31(3), 99-112. https://doi.org/j6hh
Restrepo, J. E., Jiménez, Y. M., Contreras, D. A., Zuluaga, J. S., & Cuartas, G. P. (2021). Estilos y estrategias de aprendizaje y rendimiento académico en adolescentes infractores. Revista Criminalidad, 63(1), 21-37.
Sanabria, A. M. & Uribe, A. F. (2009). Conductas antisociales y delictivas en adolescentes en conflicto con la ley y no infractores. Pensamiento PsicoloÌgico, 6(13), 203-217.
Sanabria, A. M. & Uribe, A. F. (2010). Factores psicosociales de riesgo asociados a conductas problemáticas en adolescentes en conflicto con la ley y no infractores. Diversitas, (2), 257-274. https://doi.org/10.15332/s1794-9998.2010.0002.04
Schaffner, L. (2007). Violence against girls provokes girls' violence: From private injury to public harm. Violence Against Women, 13(12), 1229-1248. https://doi.org/bn9d4g
Siegel, L. J., & Welsh, B. C. (2005). Juvenile delinquency: The core. Wadsworth. Silva-Nova, S. (2011). El estudio de la personalidad en jóvenes infractores de la ley penal bajo medida de libertad asistida. Pensando Psicología, 7(13), 104-116.
Slaby, R. G., & Guerra, N. G. (1988). Cognitive mediators of aggression in adolescent offenders: I. Assessment. Developmental Psychology, 24(4), 580-588. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.24.4.580
Smithmyer, C. M., Hubbard, J., & Simons, R. (2000). Proactive and reactive aggression in delinquent adolescents: Relations to aggression outcome expectancies. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 29(1), 86-93. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15374424jccp2901_9
Taylor, E. K., & Borduin, C. M. (2014). The family context of relational aggression in "difficult to treat" female juvenile offenders. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 40(3), 357-366. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmft.12038
Trulson, C. R., Marquart, J. W., Mullings, J., & Caeti, T. (2005). In between adolescence and adulthood: Recidivism outcomes of a cohort of state delinquents. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 3(4), 355-387. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204005278802
Vitaro, F., Brendgen, M., & Barker, E. D. (2006). Subtypes of aggressive behaviors: A developmental perspective. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 30(1), 12-19. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025406059968
Vitaro, F., Brendgen, M., & Tremblay, R. E. (2002). Reactively and proactively aggressive children: Antecedent and subsequent characteristics. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43(4), 495-505. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00040
Warburton, W. A., & Anderson, C. A. (2015). Aggression, Social Psychology of. En J. D. Wright (Ed.), International encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (pp. 373-380). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.24002-6