Empatia e prontidão à reconciliação sócio-emocional em adolescentes criminalizados
Barra lateral de artigos
Conteúdo do artigo principal
Resumo
(analítico)
Neste estudo é analisada a relação entre empatia e disposição para a reconciliação sócio-emocional em adolescentes infratores da lei. Com um desenho não experimental, correlativo-preditivo, participaram do estudo 171 jovens entre 15 e 23 anos de idade, que haviam sido condenados a penas de prisão na Colômbia. 81,1% (n = 137) machos e 19,9% (n = 34) fêmeas. Foram utilizados o índice de reatividade interpessoal e a escala de reconciliação socioemocional. Foram encontradas correlações
positivas (p< 0,05) entre empatia e reconciliação socioemocional. A análise de regressão mostrou
que a empatia tem um efeito preditor positivo (p < 0,001) sobre o total (R2 = 0,154), intrapessoal (R2 = 0,081) e a reconciliação sócio-emocional interpessoal (R2 = 0,185). Conclui-se que a empatia tem um impacto sobre os processos de reconciliação socioemocional de adolescentes judicializados.
Palavras-chave: Delinquência juvenil; empatia; reconciliação; emoções; problema social; resolução de conflitos.
Detalhes do artigo
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Você tem o direito de:
- Compartilhar - copiar e redistribuir o material em qualquer suporte ou formato
- Adaptar - remixar, transformar, e criar a partir do material
- O licenciante não pode revogar estes direitos desde que você respeite os termos da licença.
De acordo com os termos seguintes:
-
Atribuição - Você deve dar o crédito apropriado, prover um link para a licença e indicar se mudanças foram feitas. Você deve fazê-lo em qualquer circunstância razoável, mas de nenhuma maneira que sugira que o licenciante apoia você ou o seu uso.
-
NãoComercial - Você não pode usar o material para fins comerciais.
-
CompartilhaIgual - Se você remixar, transformar, ou criar a partir do material, tem de distribuir as suas contribuições sob a mesma licença que o original.
- Sem restrições adicionais - Você não pode aplicar termos jurídicos ou medidas de caráter tecnológico que restrinjam legalmente outros de fazerem algo que a licença permita.
Como Citar
Referências
Altuna, B. (2018). Empatía y moralidad: las dimensiones psicológicas y filosóficas de una relación compleja. Revista de Filosofía, 43(2), 245-262. https://doi.org/jprq
Alzate, M., Sabucedo, J.-M., Rico, D., & Maza, M. (2018). Dimensiones socioemocional e instrumental de la reconciliación social en el conflicto armado colombiano. Revista de Estudios Sociales, (66), 81-91. https://doi.org/10.7440/res66.2018.08
Arioli, M., Cattaneo, Z., Ricciardi, E., & Canessa, N. (2021). Overlapping and specific neural correlates for empathizing, affective mentalizing, and cognitive mentalizing: A coordinate-based meta-analytic study. Human Brain Mapping, 42(14), 4777-4804. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.25570
Bandura, A. (1999). Moral disengagement in the perpetration of inhumanities. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3(3), 193-209. https://doi.org/cz9pr9
Bandura, A. (2002). Selective moral disengagement in the exercise of moral agency. Journal of Moral Education, 31(2), 101-119. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305724022014322
Bandura, A., Barbaranelli, C., Caprara, G., & Pastorelli, C. (1996). Mechanisms of moral disengagement in the exercise of moral agency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(2), 364-374. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.71.2.364
Bandura, A., Caprara, G., Barbaranelli, C., Pastorelli, C., & Regalia, C. (2001). Sociocognitive self-regulatory mechanisms governing transgressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(1), 125-135. https://doi.org/bxcv7r
Beeney, J., Franklin, R., Levy, K., & Adams, R. (2011). I feel your pain: Emotional closeness modulates neural responses to empathically experienced rejection. Journal Social Neuroscience, 6(4), 369-376. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470919.2011.557245
Bosch, A., Vanegas, G., González J. D., & López, J. N. (2017). Pandillas juveniles en Colombia: aproximaciones conceptuales, expresiones urbanas y posibilidades de intervención. Ministerio de Justicia y del Derecho.
Brinck, I., Reddy, V., & Zahavi, D. (2017). The primacy of the "we"? En C. Durt, T. Fuchs, & C. Tewes (Eds.), Embodiment, enaction, and culture: Investigating the constitution of the shared world (pp. 131147). MIT Press. https://doi.org/jprs
Cameron, C. D., Inzlicht M., & Cunningham, W. (2017). Deconstructing empathy: A motivational framework for the apparent limits of empathy [Preprint]. https://bit.ly/3FtWHMA
Cameron, C. D., & Payne, B. K. (2011). Escaping affect: How motivated emotion regulation creates insensitivity to mass suffering. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100 (1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021643
Cardona-Isaza, A., Velert, S., & Montoya-Castilla, I. (2022). Decision-making styles in adolescent offenders and non-offenders: Effects of emotional intelligence and empathy. Anuario de Psicología Jurídica, 32(1), 51-60. https://doi.org/10.5093/apj2021a23
Chapman, A. R. (2002). The Human Rights implications of intellectual property protection. Journal of International Economic Law, 5(4), 861-882. https://doi.org/fth59z
Cikara, M., Bruneau, E., & Saxe, R. (2011). Us and them: Intergroup failures of empathy. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(3), 149-153. https://doi.org/c7qvth
Cikara, M., Bruneau, E., van Bavel, J. J., & Saxe, R. (2014). Their pain gives us pleasure: How intergroup dynamics shape empathic failures and counter-empathic responses. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 55, 110-125. https://doi.org/f6mt45
Congreso de la República [Colombia]. (2006). Ley 1098, por la cual se reglamenta el ejercicio de la profesión de Psicología, se dicta el Código Deontológico y Bioético y otras disposiciones. https://bit.ly/3UwbgDH
Cordero-López, B., & Calventus-Salvador, J. (2022). Parentalidad y su efecto en la auto-determinación y el bienestar adolescente. Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, Niñez y Juventud, 20(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.11600/rlcsnj.20.1.5118
Corte Constitucional [Colombia]. (2005). Sentencia C-203. https://bit.ly/3h5Y7U8
Corte Constitucional [Colombia]. (2019). Sentencia T-142. https://bit.ly/3BgxS45
Darwall, S. L. (2006). The second-person standpoint. Harvard University Press.
Davis, M. H. (1980). A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 10(85), 1-19.
Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multi-dimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(1), 113-126. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.44.1.113
Davis, M. H. (2006). Empathy. En J. E. Stets, & J. H. Turner (Eds.), Handbook of the socio-logy of emotions. (pp. 443-466). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30715-2_20
Davis, M. H., Hull, J. G., Young, R. D., & Warren, G. G. (1987). Emotional reactions to dramatic film stimuli: The influence of cognitive and emotional empathy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(1), 126-133. https://doi.org/djkvjp
de Vignemont, F., & Singer, T. (2006). The empathic brain: How, when and why? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10(10), 435-441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2006.08.008
Drummond, J. J. (2006). Respect as a moral emotion: A phenomenological approach. Husserl Studies, 22, 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10743-006-9001-z
Dubé, G., Terradas, M. M., Didier, O., Guillemette, R., & Achim, J. (2019). Empathie, mentalisation et comportements extériorisés chez les enfants d'âge scolaire hébergés en centre jeunesse: une étude exploratoire. Revue de Psychoéducation, 48(2), 347-371. https://doi.org/10.7202/1066147ar
Eisenberg, N., & Fabes, R. A. (1990). Empathy: Conceptualization, measurement, and relation to prosocial behavior. Motivation and Emotion, 14, 131-149. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/BF00991640
Eisenberg, N., Shea, C. L., Carlo, G., & Knight, G. P. (1991). Empathy related responding and cognition: A "chicken and the egg" dilemma. En W. M. Kurtines, & J. L. Gewirtz, Handbook of moral behavior and development (pp. 63-88). Lawrence Erlbaum.
Ellis, L., Cooper, J. A., & Walsh, A. (2008) Criminologists' opinions about causes and theories of crime and delinquency. The Criminologist, 33, 23-25.
Férriz, L., Navas, M. P., Gómez-Fraguela, J. A., & Sobral, J. (2019). Desconexión moral y delincuencia juvenil severa: metaanálisis de su asociación. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 51(3), 162-170. https://doi.org/10.14349/rlp.2019.v51.n3.3
Férriz, L., Sobral, J., & Gómez-Fraguela, J. A. (2018). Empatía y delincuencia juvenil: un meta-análisis sobre la relación. Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología y Salud, 9(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.23923/j.rips.2018.01.011
Fonseca, D. C., & Martínez, J. C. (2022). Aproximación a la situación de salud de los adolescentes y jóvenes vinculados al Sistema de Responsabilidad Penal y a las unidades de servicio que los atiende 2021. Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social. https://bit.ly/3HfFYOr
Garaigordobil, M., & Maganto, C. (2011). Empatía y resolución de conflictos durante la infancia y la adolescencia. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 43(2), 51-62.
Gerbing, D. W., & Anderson, J. C. (1988). An updated paradigm for scale development incorporating unidimensionality and its assessment. Journal of Marketing Research, 25(2), 186-192. https://doi.org/10.2307/3172650
Gerlsma, C. & Lugtmeyer. (2018) Offense type as determinant of revenge and forgiveness after victimization: Adolescents' responses to injustice and aggression. Journal of School Violence, 17(1), 16-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2016.1193741
Gómez-Tabares, A. S., & Durán-Palacio, N. M. (2020). Motivaciones prosociales, empatía y diferencias de género en adolescentes víctimas del conflicto armado e infractores de la ley. Revista sobre la Infancia y la Adolescencia, (18), 69-90. https://doi.org/gkqzvk
Gómez-Tabares, A. S., & Durán-Palacio, N. M. (2021). The protective role of empathy and emotional self-efficacy in predicting moral disengagement in adolescents separated from illegal armed groups. Anuario de Psicología Jurídica, 31(1), 127-136. https://doi.org/ 10.5093/apj2021a10
Gómez-Tabares, A. S., & Narváez-Marín, M. (2019). Mecanismos de desconexión moral y su relación con la empatía y la prosocialidad en adolescentes que han tenido experiencias delictivas. Revista de Psicología, 37(2), 603-641. https://doi.org/gkqzvx
Guirado, K., Caraballo, J., González, O., Rangel, J., Dolores, C., Reyes, G., Vásquez, L., Ramírez, R., Dávalos, J., Ochoa, J., Alpacedo E., & Brito, E. (2011). Violencia juvenil y construcción de identidades. Universidad Nacional Experimental de la Seguridad.
Hackel, L., Looser, C. E., & van Bavel, J. J. (2014) Group membership alters the threshold for mind perception: The role of social identity, collective identification, and inter-group threat. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 52, 15-23. https://doi.org/f5zcs4
Halperin, E. (2015). Emotions in conflict: Inhibitors and facilitators of peace making. Routledge. http://doi.org/10.4324/9781315850863
Halpern, J., & Weinstein, H. M. (2004). Rehumanizing the other: Empathy and reconciliation. Human Rights Quarterly, 26(3), 561-583. https://doi.org/10.1353/hrq.2004.0036
Hernández, R., Fernández, C., & Baptista, P. (2014). Metodología de la investigación. McGraw-Hill.
Hoffmann, F., Banzhaf, C., Kanske, P., Gärtner, M., Bermpohl, F., & Singer, T. (2016). Empathy in depression: Egocentric and altercentric biases and the role of alexithymia. Journal of Affective Disorders, 199, 23-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.03.007
Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar. (2015). Adolescentes, jóvenes y delitos: elementos para la comprensión de la delincuencia juvenil en Colombia. https://bit.ly/3VSFS3a
James, R., & Blair, R. (2007). Empathy dysfunction in psychopathic individuals. En T. Farrow, & P. Woodruff (Eds.), Empathy in mental illness (pp. 3-16). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511543753.002
Klimecki, O. (2019). The role of empathy and compassion in conflict resolution. Emotion Review, 11(4), 310-325. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073919838609
Klimecki, O., Vuilleumier, P., & Sander, D. (2016). The impact of emotions and empathy-related traits on punishment behavior: Introduction and validation of the inequality game. PLoS ONE, 11(3), e0151028. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0151028
Levy, J., Goldstein, A., & Feldman, R. (2019). The neural development of empathy is sensitive to caregiving and early trauma. Nature Communications, 10, 1905. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09927-y
Llorca-Mestre, A., Mesurado, B., & Samper, P. (2014). El rol mediador de la empatía, la conducta prosocial y la conducta agresiva en la depresión y la ansiedad. Revista Ansiedad y Estrés, 20(2-3), 247-258.
Machado, S., & Calvetti, P. (2019). Instrumentos psicométricos para avaliação da empatia em crianças e adolescentes: revisão sistemática. Psicologia em Revista, 25(3), 1044-1059. https://doi.org/10.5752/P.1678-9563.2019v25n3p1044-1059
Mayer, S., Jusyte, A., Klimecki-Lenz, O., & Schónenberg, M. (2018). Empathy and altruistic behavior in antisocial violent offenders with psychopathic traits. Psychiatry Research, 269, 625-632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.08.035
McDonald, R. P. (1999). Test theory: A unified treatment. Lawrence Erlbaum.
Mestre, V., Frías, M. D., & Samper, P. (2004). La medida de la empatía: análisis del inter-personal reactivity index. Psicothema, 16(2), 255-260.
Mestre, M. V., Samper, P., Frías, M. D., & Tur, A. (2009). ¿Are women more empathetic than men? A longitudinal study in adolescence. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 12(1), 76-83. https//doi.org/10.1017/S1138741600001499
Mestre, M. V., Samper, P., Tur, A., Cortés, M., & Malonda, E. (2012). Un programa de educación intercultural: desarrollo de la empatía y la prosocialidad. Revista de Psicología y Educación, 7(2), 9-29.
Mesurado, B., Distefano, M. J., Robiolo, G., & Richaud, M. C. (2019). The Hero program: Development and initial validation of an intervention program to promote prosocial behavior in adolescents. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 36(8), 2566-2584. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407518793224
Mesurado, B., Resett, S., & Oñate, M. E. (2021). Implementación del programa héroe para favorecer la empatía, las emociones positivas, las actitudes de perdón y la conducta prosocial en adolescentes mexicanos. Cuadernos de Neuropsicología, 15(3), 11-25.
Ministerio de Salud [Colombia]. (1993). Resolución 8430, por la cual se establecen las normas científicas, técnicas y administrativas para la investigación en salud. https://bit.ly/2PoD9Su
Morelli, S., Lieberman, M. D., & Zaki, J. (2015). The emerging study of positive empathy. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 9(2), 57-68. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12157
Mukashema, I., & Mullet, E. (2010). Reconciliation sentiment among victims of genocide in Rwanda: Conceptualizations, and relationships with mental health. Social Indicators Research, 99, 25-39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-009-9563-1
Nadler, A. (2002). Intergroup helping relations as power relations: Maintaining or challenging social dominance between groups through helping. Social Issues, 58(3), 487-502. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-4560.00272
Nadler, A., & Liviatan, I. (2004). Intergroup reconciliation processes in Israel: Theoretical analysis and empirical findings. En N. Branscombe, & B. Doosje (Eds.), Collective guilt: International perspectives (216-235). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/ 10.1017/CBO9781139106931.014
Nadler, A., & Liviatan, I. (2006). Intergroup reconciliation: Effects of adversary's expressions of empathy, responsibility, and recipients' trust. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(4), 459-470. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167205276431
Nadler, A., & Shnabel, N. (2008). Instrumental and socioemotional paths to intergroup reconciliation and the needs-based model of socioemotional reconciliation. En A. Nadler, T. E. Malloy, & J. D. Fisher (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup reconciliation (pp. 37-56). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/dv4tb9
Nadler, A., & Shnabel, N. (2015). Intergroup reconciliation: Instrumental and socio-emotional processes and the needs-based model. European Review of Social Psychology, 26(1), 93-125. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2015.1106712
Narvey, C., Yang, J., Wolff, K. T., Baglivio, M., & Piquero, A. R. (2021). The interrelation-ship between empathy and adverse childhood experiences and their impact on juvenile recidivism. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 19(1), 45-67. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/1541204020939647
Ordóñez-Carabaño, Ã., Prieto-Ursúa, M., & Dushimimana, F. (2020). Reconciling the irreconcilable: The role of forgiveness after the Rwandan genocide. Peace and Conflict. Journal of Peace Psychology, 26(2), 213-216. https://doi.org/10.1037/pac0000432
Orlando, M., Farrington, D., & Jolliffe, D. (2021). Empathy and repeat offending of young offenders in Argentina. International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice. https://doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2021.1989609
Penić, S., Dukes, D., Elcheroth, G., Jayakody, S., & Sander, D. (2021). Beyond personal empathy: Perceiving inclusive empathy as socially shared predicts support for transitional justice mechanisms. Affective Science, 2, 402-413. https://doi.org/jqcp
Perea-Restrepo, C. (2009). Pandillas y sociedad contemporánea. En G. Costa, & C. Romero (Eds.), ¿Qué hacer con las pandillas? (pp. 45-78). Ciudad Nuestra.
Pérez-Albéniz, A., de Paúl, J., Etxeberría, J., Montes, M. P., & Torres, E. (2003). Adaptación de Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) al español. Psicothema, 15(2), 267-272.
Prieto-Ursúa, M., & Ordóñez, Ã. (2020). La experiencia psicológica del agresor en el conflicto violento. Campos en Ciencias Sociales, 8(1), 325-348. https://doi.org/jqcq
Prieto-Ursúa, M., Ordóñez, Ã., & Dushimimana, F. (2019). ¿Cómo es posible? procesos psicológicos de reconciliación tras el genocidio en Ruanda. Papeles del Psicólogo, 40(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.23923/pap.psicol2019.2884
Pulido-Varón, H., Durán-Palacio, N. M., & David-Vallejo, S. (2020). Rehumanizar al otro: desafío ético-político en la reconciliación social. En S. Arias-Ochoa, & E. Posada Bedoya (Comps.), XXIII Encuentro Nacional de Investigación Universidad Católica Luis Amigó (pp. 254-260). Fondo Editorial Universidad Católica Luis Amigó.
Quinn, J. (2016). Cultivating sympathy and reconciliation: The importance of sympathetic response. En S. Maddison, T. Clark, & R. de Costa (Eds.), The limits of settler colonial reconciliation: Non-indigenous people and the responsibility to engage (pp. 119-135). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2654-6
Quintana-Orts, C., Rey, L., Chamizo-Nieto, M. T., & Worthington, E. L. (2020). A serial mediation model of the relationship between cybervictimization and cyberaggression: The Role of stress and unforgiveness motivations. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21), 7966. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217966
Restrepo, J. (2014). Nuestro segundo principal problema de desarrollo. En Centro de Recursos para el Análisis de Con%ictos (Ed.), Violencia juvenil en contextos urbanos (pp. 11-18). Centro de Recursos para el Análisis de Con%ictos. https://bit.ly/3Bx6yPo
Richaud, M. C., & Mesurado, B. (2016). Las emociones positivas y la empatía como promotores de las conductas prosociales e inhibidores de las conductas agresivas. Acción Psicológica, 13(2), 31-42. https://doi.org/10.5944/ap.13.2.17808
Rodgers, D., & Baird, A. (2016). Entender a las pandillas en América Latina: una revisión de la literatura. Estudios Socio-Jurídicos, 18(1), 13-53. https://doi.org/jqcs
Sato, M., Fonagy, P., & Luyten, P. (2018). Effects of social exclusion on effortful control and mentalizing in relation to borderline personality features. Scientific Reports, 8, 14400. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-32775-7
Shnabel, N., & Nadler A. (2008). A needs-based model of reconciliation: Satisfying the differential emotional needs of victim and perpetrator as a key to promoting reconciliation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(1), 116-132. https://doi.org/ 10.1037/0022-3514.94.1.116
Shnabel, N., & Nadler, A. (2015). The role of agency and morality in reconciliation processes: The perspective of the needs-based model. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24(6), 477-483. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721415601625
Shnabel, N., Nadler, A., Ullrich, J., Dovidio, J., & Carmi D. (2009). Promoting reconciliation through the satisfaction of the emotional needs of victimized and perpetrating group members: The needs-based model of reconciliation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35(8), 1021-1030. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167209336610
Stevens, F., & Taber, K. (2021). The neuroscience of empathy and compassion in pro-social behavior. Neuropsychologia, 159, 107925. https://doi.org/gms274
Stietz, J., Jauk, E., Krach, S., & Kanske P. (2019). Dissociating empathy from perspective-taking: Evidence from intra- and inter-individual differences research. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00126
Tarrant, M., Dazeley, S., & Cottom, T. (2009). Social categorization and empathy for out-group members. British Journal of Social Psychology, 48(3), 427-446 https://doi.org/frn9ww
Trieu, M., Foster, A. E., Yaseen, Z. S., Beaubian, C., & Calati, R. (2019). Neurobiology of empathy. En A. Foster, & Z. Yaseen (Eds), Teaching empathy in healthcare (pp. 17-39). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29876-0_2
van der Stouwe, T., Asscher, J., Hoeve, M., van der Laan, P., & Stams, J. M. (2018). Social skills training (SST) effects on social information processing skills in justice-involved adolescents: Affective empathy as predictor or moderator. Children and Youth Services Review, 90, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.05.006
van Dongen, J. D. (2020). The empathic brain of psychopaths: From social science to neuroscience in empathy. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00695
Weisz, E., & Zaki, J. (2018). Motivated empathy: A social neuroscience perspective. Current Opinion in Psychology, 24, 67-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.05.005
Zahavi, D. (2014). Self and other: Exploring subjectivity, empathy, and shame. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199590681.001.0001