Influence of socio-economic status on family perceptions of online risks
Main Article Content
Abstract
(analytical)
The use of social networks among children and adolescents has modified the need for parental mediation. The personal nature of these devices requires strategies that place more importance on trust and support, such as child-focused mediation. In the current digital context where families are concerned about the risks faced by their children, this qualitative research brings together 40 interviews of parent-child dyads living in Spain who are asked about mediation, risk perception, and their ability to face these risks. The findings have a direct correlation with socioeconomic status: fathers and mothers with high socioeconomic status are more aware of possible risks than those with low socioeconomic status. Children from wealthier families believe they are better able to manage these risks.
Keywords: Social media; parents and child; teenagers; media education; risk; digital literacy.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
- Share - copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
- Adapt - remix, transform, and build upon the material
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
-
Attribution - You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
-
NonCommercial - You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
-
ShareAlike - If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
- No additional restrictions - You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
How to Cite
References
Ãlvarez-de-Sotomayor, I. D., & Muñoz, P. C. (2021). Internet y redes sociales: un desafío a la convivencia familiar. Educatio Siglo XXI, 39(2), 123-142. https://doi.org/nckt
Andrino, B., Grasso D., & Llaneras K. (2019, 3 de octubre). ¿Escuela de ricos, escuela de pobres?: cómo la concertada y la pública segregan por clase social. El País. https://elpais.com/sociedad/2019/09/30/actualidad/1569832939_154094.html
Andrino, B., Grasso D., Llaneras K., & Sánchez, Ã. (2021, 28 de abril). El mapa de la renta de los españoles, calle a calle. El País. https://n9.cl/xsv0g
Berger, A. (1998). Media research techniques. Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452243160
Berríos-Valenzuela, L., Buxarrais-Estrada, M., & Garcés, M. (2015). Uso de las TIC y mediación parental percibida por niños de Chile. Comunicar, 23(45), 161-168. https://doi.org/10.3916/C45-2015-17
Cabello, P., Claro, M., Lazcano-Peña, D., & Antezana, L. (2018). La inclusión digital de niños y adolescentes chilenos desde la perspectiva de usos y habilidades. En E. Jiménez, M. Garmendia, & M. Ã. Casado (Coords.), Entre selfies y whatsapps: oportunidades y riesgos para la infancia y la adolescencia conectada (pp. 259-278). Gedisa.
Chang, F.-C., Chiu, C.-H., Chen, P.-H., Chiang, J.-T., Miao, N.-F., Chuang, H.-Y., & Liu, S. (2019). Children's use of mobile devices, smartphone addiction and parental mediation in Taiwan. Computers in Human Behavior, 93, 25-32. https://doi.org/ggcnvq
Condeza, R., Herrada-Hidalgo, N., & Barros-Friz, C. (2019). Nuevos roles parentales de mediación: percepciones de los padres sobre la relación de sus hijos con múltiples pantallas. Profesional de la Información, 28(4), e280402. https://doi.org/gj8c5q
Consejo de Europa. (2006). Recommendation of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on policy to support positive parenting. https://acortar.link/4CQnip
Cortoni, I. (2017). Digital competence and family mediation in the perception of online risk to adolescents: Analysis of the Montenegro case study. International Journal of Media and Information Literacy, 2(2), 68-78. https://doi.org/10.13187/ijmil.2017.2.68
Correa, T., Pavez, I., & Contreras, J. (2020). Digital inclusion through mobile phones?: A comparison between mobile-only and computer users in internet access, skills and use. Information, Communication & Society, 23(7), 1074-1091. https://doi.org/gfrkch
Daneels, R., & Vanwynsberghe, H. (2017). Mediating social media use: Connecting parents' mediation strategies and social media literacy. Cyberpsychology. Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 11(3). https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2017-3-5
De Leyn, T., De Wolf, R., Vanden Abeele, M., & De Marez, L. (2022). In-between child's play and teenage pop culture: Tweens, TikTok & privacy. Journal of Youth Studies, 25(8), 1108-1125. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2021.1939286
Dias, P., & Duarte, A. (2022). TikTok practices among teenagers in Portugal: A uses & gratifications approach. Journalism and Media, 3(4), 615-632. https://doi.org/nckw
Dodel, M., & Mesch, G. (2018). Inequality in digital skills and the adoption of online safety behaviors. Information, Communication & Society, 21(5), 712-728. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2018.1428652
Esterberg, K. (2002). Qualitative methods in social research. McGraw-Hill.
Feijoo, B., Sádaba, C., & López-Martínez, A. (2023). Spanish minors' perception of their parents' role in their use of social media networks. International and Multidisciplinary Journal of Social Sciences, 12(2), 157-182. https://doi.org/10.17583/rimcis.11017
Feijoo, B., Sádaba, C., & Martínez, G. (2021). On my own: Acquiring technical digital skills for mobile phone use in Chile: Parents-children perceptions. International Journal of Media and Information Literacy, 6(2), 289-298. https://doi.org/nckx
Ferrari, A. (2013). Digcomp: A framework for developing and understanding digital competence in Europe (Report EUR26035). Joint Research Centre of the European Commission. https://doi.org/10.2788/52966
Garmendia, M., Jiménez, E., Karrera, I., Larrañaga, N., Casado, M. A, Martínez, G., & Garitaonandia, C. (2019). Actividades, mediación, oportunidades y riesgos online de los menores en la era de la convergencia mediática. EU Kids Online; Instituto Nacional de Ciberseguridad. http://hdl.handle.net/10810/49632
GeržiÄáková, M., Dedkova, L., & Mýlek, V. (2023). What do parents know about children's risky online experiences? The role of parental mediation strategies. Computers in Human Behavior, 141, 107626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107626
Instituto Nacional de Estadística [España]. (2022). Encuesta sobre equipamiento y uso de tecnologías de información y comunicación (TIC) en los hogares. https://n9.cl/ineusotecnologia
Lian, L., You, X., Huang, J., & Yang, R. (2016). Who overuses smartphones?: Roles of virtues and parenting style in smartphone addiction among Chinese college students. Computers in Human Behavior, 65, 92-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.08.027
Livingstone, S., & Helsper, E. J. (2008). Parental mediation of children's internet use. Journal of Broadcasting y Electronic Media, 52(4), 581-599. https://doi.org/c2jxmk
Livingstone, S., Mascheroni, G., & Stoilova, M. (2023). The outcomes of gaining digital skills for young people's lives and wellbeing: A systematic evidence review. New Media & Society, 25(5), 1176-1202. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211043189
Livingstone, S., Ólafsson, K., Helsper, E. J., Lupiáñez-Villanueva, F., Veltri, G. A., & Folkvord, F. (2017). Maximizing opportunities and minimizing risks for children online: The role of digital skills in emerging strategies of parental mediation. Journal of Communication, 67(1), 82-105. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12277
López-de-Ayala, M.-C., Martínez-Pastor, E., & Catalina-García, B. (2019). Nuevas estrategias de mediación parental en el uso de las redes sociales por adolescentes. Profesional de la Información, 28(5), e280523. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2019.sep.23
Lozano-Blasco, R., Mira-Aladrén, M., & Gil-Lamata, M. (2023). Redes sociales y su in-fluencia en los jóvenes y niños: análisis en Instagram, Twitter y YouTube. Comunicar, 31(74), 125-137. https://doi.org/10.3916/C74-2023-10
Martín, S., & Castiblanco, R. (2024). Interacciones en las redes sociales virtuales: una revisión sistemática de la literatura. Revista Fuentes, 26(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.12795/revistafuentes.2024.22046
Martín-Ramallal, P., & Ruiz-Mondaza, M. (2022). Agentes protectores del menor y redes sociales: el dilema de TikTok. Revista Mediterránea de Comunicación, 13(1), 31-49. https://doi.org/10.14198/MEDCOM.20776
Martínez, G., Casado, M.-A., & Garitaonandia, C. (2020). Estrategias online de mediación parental en contextos familiares de España. Comunicar, 28(65), 67-76. https://doi.org/10.3916/C65-2020-06
Orben, A. (2020). Teenagers, screens and social media: A narrative review of reviews and key studies. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 55(4), 407-414. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-019-01825-4
Pérez-García, A., Suárez-Perdomo, A., López-Martínez, A., & Martínez, G. (2024). Los adolescentes y la construcción del pensamiento crítico para la gestión de los retos y las noticias falsas en las redes sociales. Aloma, 42(1), 59-67. https://doi.org/10.51698/aloma.2024.42.1.59-67
Ren, W., Zhu, X., & Yang, J (2022). The SES-based difference of adolescents' digital skills and usages: An explanation from family cultural capital. Computers & Education, 177, 104382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104382
Rivera, J., Gordo, Ã. J., García-Arnau, A., & Díaz-Catalán, C. (2021). Los factores estructurales e intervinientes de la socialización digital juvenil: una aproximación mediante el método Delphi. Revista Complutense de Educación, 32(3), 415-426. https://doi.org/10.5209/rced.70389
Rodríguez-de-Dios, I., van Oosten, J., & Igartua, J.-J. (2018). A study of the relationship between parental mediation and adolescents' digital skills, online risks and online opportunities. Computers in Human Behavior, 82, 186-198. https://doi.org/gp6mz4
Rojas, E., & Poveda, L. (2018). Estado de la banda ancha en América Latina y el Caribe. Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe.
Rosenblum, K. (1987). The in-depth interview: Between science and sociability. Sociological Forum, 2(2), 388-400. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01124171
Rumayor, M. (2016). El problema de la autoridad en la familia frente al reto de las redes sociales. Teoría De La Educación. Revista Interuniversitaria, 28(2), 75-92. https://doi.org/10.14201/teoredu2827592
Schofield, L. (2011). Parental mediation theory for the digital age. Communication Theory, 21(4), 323-343. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2011.01391.x
Silverstone, R. (Ed.) (2005). Media, technology and everyday life in Europe: From information to communication. Ashgate.
Smahel, D., Machackova, H., Mascheroni, G., Dedkova, L., Staksrud, E., Ólafsson, K., Livingstone, S., & Hasebrink, U. (2020). EU Kids Online 2020: Survey results from 19 countries. EU Kids Online. https://doi.org/10.21953/lse.47fdeqj01ofo
Trucco, D., & Palma, A. (2020). Infancia y adolescencia en la era digital: un informe comparativo de los estudios de Kids Online del Brasil, Chile, Costa Rica y el Uruguay. Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe.
van Deursen, J. A., Helsper, E. J., & Eynon, R. (2016). Development and validation of the Internet Skills Scale (ISS). Information, Communication & Society, 19(6), 804-823. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2015.1078834
van Ingen, E., & Matzat, U. (2018). Inequality in mobilizing online help after a negative life event: The role of education, digital skills, and capital-enhancing Internet use. Information, Communication & Society, 21(4), 481-498. https://doi.org/ggp7zn
Vaquero, E.(2020). Parentalidad digital. Studium Educationis. Rivista Semestrale per le Professioni Educative, (3), 203-214. https://doi.org/10.7346/SE-032020-14
Wang, C.-H., Sher, S., Salman, I., Janek, K., & Chung, C.-F. (2022). "TikTok made me do it": Teenagers' perception and use of food content on TikTok. IDC '22: Proceedings of the 21st Annual ACM Interaction Design and Children Conference (pp. 458-463). https://doi.org/10.1145/3501712.3535290
Zhang, R.-P., Bai, B.-Y., Jiang, S., Yang, S., & Zhou, Q. (2019). Parenting styles and inter-net addiction in Chinese adolescents: Conscientiousness as a mediator and teacher support as a moderator. Computers in Human Behavior, 101, 144-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.07.019
Zozaya, L., Sádaba, C., & Feijoo, B. (2023). "Fake or not, I'm sharing it": Teen perception about disinformation in social networks. Young Consumers, 25(4), 425-438. https://doi.org/10.1108/YC-06-2022-1552